Utilities
DICTIONARY
A
ADR
"European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road" refers to the European Agreement on the international carriage of dangerous goods by road.
ALL RISK
Feature seen in the policies: usually a policy "all risk" suggests covering all types of risk are not expressly excluded from the contract.
B
BARCODE
The English term refers to the bar code representable by series or alphanumeric symbology for encoding information and automatically readable by attendants electronic equipment.
BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B)
The term was coined to identify the channel oriented to trade relations between companies from similar organizational structure, but in its use in marketing field is also space the definition that refers to products and services used by businesses.
BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C)
The term defines the channel that connects businesses and consumers in the value of trade relations for both.
C
CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO (CIP)
"Transport and insurance paid to ..".
and refers to the contractual clauses used in international trades coded nell'Incoterms. This clause means that the seller:
- To pay the price (freight / port) on the transport of goods to the agreed destination;
- Should provide for the signing of an insurance against the risk that the buyer suffers loss or damage to goods during transportation.
CARRIAGE PAID TO (CPT)
"Carriage paid to ..".
It is one of the contractual clauses used in international trades coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must pay the price (freight / port) on the transport of goods to the agreed destination, and that the risk of loss or damage to the goods being transferred from the seller to the buyer once the goods are delivered.
CONTAINER
Term used for the specific equipment of transport, especially for intermodal transport. There are different types of large containers and a very large capacity, depending on the mode of transport: by air, by sea and by land.
CONVENTION DES MARCHANDISES PAR ROUTE (CMR)
The French expression identifies the international agreement for international transportation by land, from which is derived the document translated into Italian as "International Consignment Letter," and in English as "International Consignment Notes."
The agreement is valid not only for made entirely of road transport also for those which provide intermodal part of the journey effected on rails, by sea and by air provided that there is a break in the carriage itself (for example, with unloading of the goods by truck and repositioning of other means).
COST AND FREIGHT (CFR o C&F)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "cost and freight, and indicating the port of destination", is one of the contractual clauses used in international trades coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause means that the seller must bear all the costs of transporting the goods to the named port of destination.
COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT (CIF)
"cost, insurance and freight" explains one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause means that the seller:
- Must bear all the costs of transporting the goods to the named port of destination;
- Should provide for the stipulation of maritime insurance against the risk that the buyer suffers loss or damage to goods during transportation.
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)
This expression defines how they handle relationships with existing and potential customers throughout the cycle of pre-sales activities, delivery or fulfillment services.
CROSS DOCKING
This word describes the operation with which the goods, coming from multiple destinations, and is discharged (at least partly) recharged directly on other means, without stopping to the ground, even minimum, so as to reduce the handling of the goods. This occurs even when the goods are unloaded, sorted and reloaded in a short time, for example. in few hours.
D
DELIVERED AT FRONTIER (DAF)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "delivered at frontier and indicating the place of delivery" indicates one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must fulfill his obligations to deliver to the buyer putting in place of the frontier agreed, but before the customs border of the adjoining country.
DELIVERED DUTY PAID (DDP)
The English word, translated into Italian as "DDP and indicating the place of delivery agreed in the importing country", refers one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller has to bear all the costs of transport, including customs duties, in order to make the delivery of the cleared goods at the agreed place of the importing country.
DELIVERED DUTY UNPAID (DDU)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "delivered duty unpaid, and stating the place of delivery agreed in the importing country", describes one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must bear the risks and costs of transporting the goods to the place of delivery as agreed in the importing country.
DELIVERED EX QUAY (DEQ)
The words English, translated into Italian as "DDP quay and indicating the port of destination", defines one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must bear the risks and costs of transporting the goods to the named port of destination and the associated drain on the quay (wharf).
DELIVERED EX SHIP (DES)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "ex ship and indicating the agreed port of destination," indicates one of the contractual clauses used in international trade including those codified nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must bear the risks and costs of transporting the goods to the named port of destination.
DISTRIBUTION PHYSICAL
The expression refers to a set of activities related to the life cycle of a product: from the end of production to customer delivery.
DOCUMENT OF TRANSPORT
The words referred to the document which evidences the transport of goods from the place of loading to the named destination. This document is different depending on the type of vector used.
E
E-BUSINESS
The English word, contraction of "electronic business" and translated into Italian as "digital business", refers to the way of organizing and managing business processes and intercompany with information and communication technologies, able to optimize time and processes, and improve performance.
E-COMMERCE
The English word, contraction of "electronic commerce" and translated into Italian as "electronic commerce", indicates a mode to execute transactions and transfer information for B2B and B2C channels through the use via internet.
EX WORKS (EXW)
The English word, translated into Italian as "ex works and indicating the location of the factory," indicates one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must fulfill his obligations to deliver to the buyer putting the customs clearance on its own premises and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.
F
FIRST IN FIRST OUT (FIFO)
The English expression identifies one of the possible methods for the valuation of inventories. In a production process, the amount of incoming goods to last is the first to get out.
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP (FAS)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "free bottom edge, and indicating the agreed port of embarkation," indicates one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must fulfill his obligations to deliver to the buyer placing the goods alongside the vessel on the quay at the named port of embarkation.
The buyer has to bear costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods.
FREE CARRIER (FCA)
The English word, translated into Italian as "free carrier", describes one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must fulfill his obligations to deliver in return the goods cleared for export to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the place and time appointed.
FREE ON BOARD (FOB)
The English expression, translated into Italian as "free on board indicating the port of shipment," defines one of the contractual clauses used in international trade, coded nell'Incoterms.
This clause provides that the seller must fulfill his obligations to deliver when the goods pass the ship's rail in the named port of shipment.
H
HUB & SPOKE
The expression refers to an organization of transport flows model. Hub indicates the hub and spoke, the beams, the analogy with the wheel of the bicycle: a distribution in a radial pattern. Goods from factory warehouses reach the already identified Hub for final destination, following are sorted according to the final destination.
I
INCOTERMS (INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TERMS)
Incoterms (an abbreviation of International Commercial Terms) identify the commercial agreements used in buying and selling of movable property which regulate the sharing of responsibilities, costs and risks of delivery of goods between the various legal entities involved, sellers and buyers.
The Incoterms consist of 13 General terms and are divided into two distinct groups.
The first group includes all the terms applicable to any type of transport, while the second group only terms applicable to sea or inland waterway transport.
1st GROUP: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAT, DAP, DDP;
2nd GROUP: FAS, FOB, CFR (C & F) CIF.
E 'can download the Incoterms of the tab, in the section of the web site Poletto Group: UTILITIES' - DOWLOAD - INCOTERMS.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)
The English expression translated into Italian as "information technology", refers to the use in computers, telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve and transmit data in the context of commercial or business activities.
We tend to also use it as a synonym for computer networks, although it includes other information distribution technologies such as television and phones.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)
The English expression translated into Italian as "information technology", refers to the use in computers, telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve and transmit data in the context of commercial or business activities.
We tend to also use it as a synonym for computer networks, although it includes other information distribution technologies such as television and phones.
J
JUST IN TIME (JIT)
The English expression describes an industrial philosophy which changed the method of production of goods in stock and its storage. We go from finished products in stock waiting to be sold to the production of what has already been sold or that are expected to sell quickly.
Then issue a reset to the inventory management policy that uses direct methods to improve the production process, trying to optimize the upstream stages and to lighten the most of the stocks of raw and processed materials necessary for the production.
L
LETTER OF CAR
basic document regulating the transport contract and differs in:
- Terrestrial Waybill: for ground transportation;
- Railway bill: for rail transport;
- Air Waybill: for air transport;
- Naval Waybill: for transport by sea.
